20070121培训——人体解剖学文+图(页 1) - 『新手培训』 - 互助论坛志愿者医疗队

sunnie 发表于 2007-1-25 15:05

20070121培训——人体解剖学文+图

人体解剖学<1>——2007年1月21日本队培训内容 人体解剖学的基本术语1、标准姿势2、方位术语：上（颅侧）：近颅者为上            下（足侧）：近足者为下            前（腹侧）：近腹面者为前            后（背侧）：近背面者为后            内侧和外侧：以身体正中面为准，距正中面近者为内侧，远者为外侧。                      前臂的内侧也撑尺侧，外侧也称桡<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">ráo)侧；小腿的内侧也称胫<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">jìng)侧，外侧也称腓<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">féi)侧。            内和外：指空腔脏器而言，近腔者为内，远腔者为外            浅和深：以体表为准，近体表者为浅，远体表者为深。在四肢，则根据距肢体根部的距离而有远侧和近侧。 运动系统：由骨、关节和肌组成         功能：1、运动。                  2、支持体重，保护内脏，造血，产热。  <img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710322734.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/>  第一章  骨学第一节  概述1、成人约有206块骨头：躯干骨51块，颅骨29块，上肢骨64块，下肢骨62块。2、骨的功能：支持、保护、杠杆，造血、储备Ca和P、骨折后能修复愈合。3、骨的形态：1）长骨：呈长管状（中间细，两头大），多分布于四肢。             2）短骨：立方形，分布于手腕和足的后部。             3）扁骨：成板状，主要分布于颅顶、胸部和盆部。             4）不规则骨：手、足和膝部肌腱内有一种籽骨，形如豆状，运动时可改变力的方向，可减少对肌腱的摩擦。4、骨的构造：1）骨膜：覆盖于骨的表面，富有血管、淋巴管和神经。             2）骨质：骨的主体，分骨密质（在骨干处较厚）和骨松质（分布于长骨两端和短骨、遍骨内）。             3）骨髓：①红骨髓：含有大量的血细胞，是很重要的造血组织。人体内的红细胞和大部分白细胞是从它产生的。胎儿和婴幼儿的骨髓都是红骨髓，随着年龄的增长，红骨骼逐渐减少。再生障碍性贫血就是红骨髓造血功能损害的结果。                     ②黄骨髓：不具备造血功能，但大量失血时，可转化为红骨髓进行造血，5～7岁开始出现。红、黄骨髓，成年人体内各占一半。4、骨的化学成分和物理特性：骨质是由65%的无机质和35%的有机质组成。     无机质主要有磷酸钙和碳酸钙，使骨具有硬度；有机质主要是由骨胶原纤维和粘多糖蛋白组成，使骨具有韧性和弹性。    小孩体内的有机质较多，身体较柔软；老人则是无机质多一些，因此容易骨折。 <img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710322580.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/>

sunnie 发表于 2007-1-25 15:05

第二节  躯干骨1、椎骨的形态：椎体，椎弓（横突、棘突、椎孔）。2、椎骨：24块。1）颈椎7块：第一颈椎，又称寰<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(huán)椎，呈环形，没有椎体、棘突和横突。第七颈椎，又称隆椎，低头时可以在颈后正中线看到和摸到，其下方凹陷处为“大椎穴”。临床上常通过第7颈椎棘突来确定下位的椎骨。               2）胸椎12块。               3）腰椎5块：腰穿一般在L3、4之间进行。（要做腰部以下部位麻醉时，就在这位置打针，即腰麻。）3、骶<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">dǐ<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">)骨：男性长而窄，女性短而宽（适应分娩的需要）。4、尾骨：3-5块，即俗称的尾龙骨。5、肋：包括肋骨和肋软骨。肋骨共有12对，和胸骨、胸椎、锁骨组成胸廓，有保护脏器，辅助呼吸的作用。6、胸骨：胸骨柄、胸骨体和剑突。柄体相连处稍向前突称为胸骨角，是确定第2肋的重要标志，有助于心脏叩诊、肺听诊的定位和肋骨的计数。  <img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710322621.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/><img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710322360.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/><img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710323371.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/><img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710323797.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/> 骶骨后面观   第三节  上肢骨1、锁骨：锁骨的外、中1/3交界处较细，易发生骨折。锁骨并非肋的一部分。锁骨固定上肢，支持肩胛<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(jiǎ)骨，便于上肢灵活的运动，对其下方的上肢大血管和多起保护作用。2、肩胛骨：下角平第7肋，易于摸到，是确定肋骨序数的体表标志。3、肱<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(<span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">gōng)骨：外科颈，易发生骨折。肱骨滑车（关节面，即两个骨头接触的地方）。4、尺骨：前臂内侧，鹰嘴，尺骨茎突；桡骨：前臂外侧，桡骨茎突。5、手骨：8个腕骨，5个掌骨，14个指骨。  <img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710323112.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/> <img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710323784.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/>

sunnie 发表于 2007-1-25 15:06

第四节  下肢骨1、髋<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(<span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">kuān<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">)骨：由髂<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(<span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">qià<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">)骨、耻骨和坐骨组成。左右髋骨与骶骨连接成骨盆。2、股骨：人体最粗最长的长骨，约占身长的1/4。股骨颈，老年人容易发生骨折的部位，容易引发病发症。3、髌<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(<span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">bìn<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">)骨：全身最大的籽骨，容易粉碎。4、胫<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(<span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">jìng<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">)骨：小腿内侧，对支持体重起重要作用。5、腓骨：小腿部后外侧，不参与支持体重。临床常截取一段带血管的腓骨，自身移植替代所缺失之骨。（大腿有1条长骨，小腿则有大小2条。）6、足骨：7个跗<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(<span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">fū<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">)骨，5个跖<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(<span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">zhí<span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">)骨，13～14个趾骨组成。<img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710323833.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/><img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710324738.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/><img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710324140.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/><img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710324472.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/>  第五节     颅骨1、颅骨：脑颅骨8块，面颅骨15块，听小骨6块。新生儿颅骨的特征：新生儿颅骨为身高的1/4，成年人约占1/7；新生儿面颅为脑颅的1/8，而成年人为1/4。 前囟<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(xìn)和后囟，是婴儿期因为颅骨未能完全吻合留出的空袭，会在成长过程中随着颅骨的发育在一岁半左右闭合。囟的作用可以作为评测婴儿颅内压的客观之一。2、脑颅骨：额骨，顶骨，枕骨，颞<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(niè)骨，蝶骨，筛骨。3、面颅骨：下颌<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(hé)骨，上颌骨，腭<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(è)骨，鼻骨，颧<span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">(quán)骨，犁骨，下鼻甲，泪骨，舌骨。4、骨性鼻腔：骨鼻中隔，鼻旁窦（上颌窦，额窦，筛窦，蝶窦）。5、危险三角区：以鼻梁骨的根部为顶点，两口角的连线为底边做一个等腰三角形，这个三角形的区域被称为人体的“危险三象区”，血管很丰富（所以挤痘痘容易感染）。它包括了上下唇、鼻子以及鼻翼两侧的主要面前器官。6、颅底外面：枕骨大孔。<img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710324876.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/><img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710324811.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/><img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710325436.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/><img alt="" src="http://www.gzylz.com/UploadFiles/2007-1/200712710325965.jpg" border="0" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; TEXT-ALIGN: center;"/>

seagull8111 发表于 2007-1-27 10:09

做的很用心，不怕技术问题交给我们、、、

[url]http://www.gzyld.org.cn/_news/jspx/wdys/03304I2007.html[/url]

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20070121培训——人体解剖学 文+图

20070121培训——人体解剖学文+图